Behaviour Of Lithium-Ion Batteries In Electric ...
Behaviour Of Lithium-Ion Batteries In Electric ... https://urlca.com/2tkq8h
This book surveys state-of-the-art research on and developments in lithium-ion batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. It summarizes their features in terms of performance, cost, service life, management, charging facilities, and safety. Vehicle electrification is now commonly accepted as a means of reducing fossil-fuels consumption and air pollution. At present, every electric vehicle on the road is powered by a lithium-ion battery.
Prof. Gianfranco Pistoia, Ph.D. is formerly Research Director of the National Research Council of Italy. He has authored 150 papers and 11 patents in the field of electrochemistry, with particular reference to non-aqueous batteries. In the early seventies, he pioneere European research on lithium batteries using new electrodes (e.g. MoO3) and new electrolytes (e.g. ethylene carbonate). He has attended 50+ international conferences with presentation of invited lectures and/or acting as a chairman. The Editor was member of the editorial board of Advanced Battery Technology and is now in the editorial board of Sustainable Energy Developments, a book series of CRC Press. He has often refereed articles for J. Electrochem. Soc., Electrochim. Acta, J. Power Sources, Solid State Ionics as well as several book proposals for Elsevier. In 1993-1995 he has acted as a consultant for Valence Technology (USA): a patent on a new cathode for lithium-ion batteries was issued in 2001 following this cooperation.
In this work, we have chosen to an electrochemical model and simulate a ternary battery during a discharging test. The model has high accuracy to make a prediction about the distributed electrical behaviour on discharging procedure. The influencing factors of the solid phase diffusion polarization and the liquid phase diffusion polarization of the electrode have been studied and some suggestions for reducing the diffusion polarization has been proposed. This work would facilitate to optimizing the battery design by providing the theoretical support and shorting the development cycle. It may promote a low-cost method and make a positive contribution to manufacturing Li-ion batteries for large-scale applications.
The expansion of lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics to larger-scale transport and energy storage applications has made understanding the many mechanisms responsible for battery degradation increasingly important. The literature in this complex topic has grown considerably; this perspective aims to distil current knowledge into a succinct form, as a reference and a guide to understanding battery degradation. Unlike other reviews, this work emphasises the coupling between the different mechanisms and the different physical and chemical approaches used to trigger, identify and monitor various mechanisms, as well as the various computational models that attempt to simulate these interactions. Degradation is separated into three levels: the actual mechanisms themselves, the observable consequences at cell level called modes and the operational effects such as capacity or power fade. Five principal and thirteen secondary mechanisms were found that are generally considered to be the cause of degradation during normal operation, which all give rise to five observable modes. A flowchart illustrates the different feedback loops that couple the various forms of degradation, whilst a table is presented to highlight the experimental conditions that are most likely to trigger specific degradation mechanisms. Together, they provide a powerful guide to designing experiments or models for investigating battery degradation.
Abstract:Electric vehicle (EV) markets have evolved. In this regard, rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries become critical in EV applications. However, the nonlinear features of Li-ion batteries make their performance over their lifetime, reliability, and control more difficult. In this regard, the battery management system (BMS) is crucial for monitoring, handling, and improving the lifespan and reliability of this type of battery from cell to pack levels, particularly in EV applications. Accordingly, the BMS should control and monitor the voltage, current, and temperature of the battery system during the lifespan of the battery. In this article, the BMS definition, state of health (SoH) and state of charge (SoC) methods, and battery fault detection methods were investigated as crucial aspects of the control strategy of Li-ion batteries for assessing and improving the reliability of the system. Moreover, for a clear understanding of the voltage behavior of the battery, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) at three ambient temperatures, 10 C, 25 C, and 45 C, and three different SoC levels, 80%, 50%, and 20%, were investigated. The results obtained showed that altering the ambient temperature impacts the OCV variations of the battery. For instance, by increasing the temperature, the voltage fluctuation at 45 C at low SoC of 50% and 20% was more significant than in the other conditions. In contrast, the rate of the OCV at different SoC in low and high temperatures was more stable.Keywords: battery management system; electric vehicles; lithium-ion batteries; open-circuit voltage; state of charge; state of health
Numerical simulation of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has become extremely vital in the understanding of thermal behaviour of LIBs to develop active and passive battery thermal management systems. The LIB is popular in consumer electronics. Beyond consumer electronics, the LIB is also growing in popularity for the automotive applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) due to its high energy density, high voltage, and low self-discharge rate. High amount of heat generally gets developed during charge and discharge of LIB based on the c-rate at which it is being discharged or charged. Hence, there should be a mechanism to understand the thermal behaviour of these cells. Thus, in this paper a numerical procedure has been developed to model electrochemical-thermal behaviour of commercially available 21700 Li-ion cells. NewmanP2D approach is used to arrive at electrochemistry performance of Li-ion cell and pack. Well known commercial code Ansys Fluent is used to derive performance parameters of Li-ion cell and pack. Firstly, a discharge/charge profile is evaluated for NMC chemistry of 21700 cells for various c-rate conditions. c-rates used in this study varies from 0.2c to 1c for which numerical parameters such as Temperature, Heat Source, Voltage and Current densities are evaluated. Ambient temperature considered in this study is 27deg C. This evaluation is then extended to study performance of pack (16S8P pack) w.r.t 1c-rate discharge-charge condition thus replicating fast charge technology.Results got from this simulation approach helps in understanding thermal performance of pack for the above-mentioned c-rate and ambient condition, thus help overall product design phase of an electric vehicle. Thus, this methodology helps analyse different battery packs with different configuration in achieving better cooling strategy based on its numerical thermal performance.
How to cite this article: Li, W. et al. Dynamic behaviour of interphases and its implication on high-energy-density cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 8, 14589 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14589 (2017).
Thermodynamics experiment and study were carried out for the lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries that are expected as the power sources for electric and hybrid vehicles. It is confirmed that the heat coming in and going out depend on charging and discharging, respectively. And the thermal generation factors will be decomposed to three elements: reaction heat value Qr, polarization heat value Qp, and Joule heat value QJ. Furthermore, the contribution degree of each factor was able to be expressed quantitatively by dividing these thermal generation factors for charging and discharging. The accuracy of thermodynamics logic was verified since the thermodynamics calculation coincided with the experimental data of thermal generation for the practical Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EV). It is possible to utilize the calculation and simulation for the development of Li-ion battery and the establishment of thermal control technology not only for EV but also for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).
N2 - The lithium ion battery is the state of the art technology for traction batteries and therefore considered as a main key technology for the success of EV and HEV. The beneficial properties, such as high energy density, contribute to a higher acceptance of EV and HEV. On the other hand, due to the high energy density, the application of LIB poses considerable threat to health and environment, especially in vehicle crash load cases. Internal short circuit can occur under certain circumstances, such as electrical, thermal or mechanical loading, potentially leading to thermal runaway, fire and the release of hazard substances.1 To ensure a high level of safety of EV and HEV, crash simulations are performed throughout the development of the vehicle. In order to be able to estimate the risk for failure upon impact loading, accurate simulation models of cells are required. However, this is challenging, as the jelly roll and its components show complex properties, such as anisotropy, strain rate dependence and SOC dependence.In this study an overview of model features that are required for finite element simulation models of a lithium ion pouch cell is given and their implementation in two distinct model approaches is presented: A detailed layer model (DLM) and a simplified applicable model (SAM) were developed whereby there were different requirements and challenges in both models.The DLM is a very detailed model, where every single layer of the cell and the electrolyte is represented. It can be used for detailed single cell analysis, such as investigating the exact location of an internal short circuit, but due to the high computational effort, it is not suitable for simulations with a higher number of cells, i.e. at pack or module level. One main challenge for detailed models is to realistically represent the individual layers of the jelly roll and the interactions between the layers. In the DLM approach, a combination of 2D shell elements and 3D solid elements is used to create an accurate cell model that requires relatively little computational effort and is highly robust even under massive compressive loads, as it works without internal contact definitions. The SAM is a simplified model approach that can be used for full vehicle, pack, module and cell simulations. Due to the different purpose, SAM faces different challenges and requirements. It must comply with the full vehicle simulation requirements, such as minimum time step size or maximum number of elements. Still it must provide an accurate structural behaviour and reliable short circuit estimation. The SAM approach uses a combination of 1D beam, 2D shell and 3D solid elements to create an efficient simulation model that can represent the crash-relevant features while meeting the vehicle simulation boundary conditions.Both models were calibrated on the basis of a comprehensive set of mechanical characterization tests at cell and cell component level. The validation of the models was performed with different quasi-static and dynamic cell tests.With the development of these two novel simulation approaches for LIB, it is possible to represent the mechanical behaviour and to predict the cell failure under crash load at different scales. 59ce067264
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